# Create an empty list
empty_list = []

# Create a list with elements
fruits = ['apple', 'orange', 'banana']

# Create a list of numbers
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]

# Create a mixed-type list
mixed_list = [1, 'apple', 3.14, True]

# Accessing elements by index
first_fruit = fruits[0]
second_number = numbers[1]

# Negative indexing
last_fruit = fruits[-1]

# Slicing a list
sliced_fruits = fruits[1:3]  # Returns ['orange', 'banana']

# Adding elements to a list
fruits.append('grape')      # Adds 'grape' to the end
fruits.insert(1, 'kiwi')    # Inserts 'kiwi' at index 1

# Removing elements
fruits.remove('orange')     # Removes 'orange'
popped_fruit = fruits.pop() # Removes and returns the last element

# Updating elements
fruits[1] = 'pear'          # Updates element at index 1

# Adding elements to a list
fruits.append('grape')      # Adds 'grape' to the end
fruits.insert(1, 'kiwi')    # Inserts 'kiwi' at index 1

# Removing elements
fruits.remove('orange')     # Removes 'orange'
popped_fruit = fruits.pop() # Removes and returns the last element

# Updating elements
fruits[1] = 'pear'          # Updates element at index 1

# Sorting a list
fruits.sort()

# Reversing a list
fruits.reverse()

# Finding index of an element
index_of_banana = fruits.index('banana')

# Count occurrences of an element
num_apples = fruits.count('apple')

# Creating a new list using a comprehension
squared_numbers = [x**2 for x in range(1, 6)]

# Filtering elements with a condition
even_numbers = [x for x in range(1, 6) if x % 2 == 0]

# Modifying a list while iterating
for fruit in fruits:
    fruits.remove(fruit)  # This can lead to unexpected behavior

# Mutating a list in a function
def modify_list(my_list):
    my_list.append('new_element')

original_list = [1, 2, 3]
modify_list(original_list)
# original_list is now [1, 2, 3, 'new_element']

# Creating a nested list
matrix = [[1, 2, 3], [4, 5, 6], [7, 8, 9]]

# Accessing elements in a nested list
element_5 = matrix[1][1]  # Retrieves the value 5

# Combining lists with different data types
combined_data = fruits + numbers + ['kiwi', 6]

# Repetition with nested lists
repeated_matrix = matrix * 2

# Slicing with a step (stride)
even_indices = combined_data[::2]  # Gets elements at even indices

# Extend a list with another list
fruits.extend(['grape', 'watermelon'])

# Clear all elements in a list
fruits.clear()

# Using if-else in a list comprehension
even_or_odd = ['even' if num % 2 == 0 else 'odd' for num in numbers]

# Combining two lists into pairs
pairs = list(zip(fruits, numbers))
# Result: [('apple', 1), ('orange', 2), ('banana', 3)]

# Copying a list
original_list = [1, 2, 3]
copied_list = original_list.copy()

# Removing duplicates while maintaining order
unique_fruits = list(dict.fromkeys(fruits))

# Using a list as a stack (Last In, First Out)
stack = []
stack.append(1)
stack.append(2)
popped_item = stack.pop()  # Removes and returns the last item (2)

from collections import deque

# Using a deque as a queue (First In, First Out)
queue = deque([1, 2, 3])
queue.append(4)  # Adds 4 to the end
dequeued_item = queue.popleft()  # Removes and returns the first item (1)